How to connect gateway OS gateway bridge to MQTT broker?

Thank you @pulidoj and @brocaar for your replies! I managed to fix it this morning. The problem was twofold:

  1. The port of the docker container the MQTT broker was running was being forwarded to 127.0.0.1:1883 instead of to 0.0.0.0:1883. This was fixed in the VirtualBox settings of the virtual machine that the container runs on. After this the IP address that the gateway bridge had to connect to was: 192.168.137.1:1883 (The IP address of my laptop from the gateway’s point of view).
  2. My firewall was not allowing inbound traffic on port 1883. This was fixed by adding an inbound rule that allows for tcp connections on port 1883 to my firewall.