Thank you @pulidoj and @brocaar for your replies! I managed to fix it this morning. The problem was twofold:
- The port of the docker container the MQTT broker was running was being forwarded to 127.0.0.1:1883 instead of to 0.0.0.0:1883. This was fixed in the VirtualBox settings of the virtual machine that the container runs on. After this the IP address that the gateway bridge had to connect to was: 192.168.137.1:1883 (The IP address of my laptop from the gateway’s point of view).
- My firewall was not allowing inbound traffic on port 1883. This was fixed by adding an inbound rule that allows for tcp connections on port 1883 to my firewall.